Easily assign and analyze slabs as rigid or semi-rigid diaphragms. UL D798. UL D798. FLOOR SLABS. To find such materials, visit the sound insulation material section of the Acoustic Design Catalogue. It indicates, "Click to perform a search". • The potential effects of ponding on flat roofs have not been considered. The CLT layers often exhibit 20-, 30-, or 40-mm thickness and bond along their side faces, not along the short edges [32]. Cross Timber Systems. ), making it easy to plan . We created a list of examples of cross-laminated timber architecture that both reduces waste and creates a finished look. Thickness varies from 3 to 7 layers or. The in-plane shear strength of a CLT panel is controlled by the shear strength of the transverse cross laminations. Like plywood, each ply is oriented perpendicular to its adjacent plies. ( ht = 120 mm and ht = 180 mm indicate CLT panels with 3 and 5 layers, respectively). Panel sizes vary by manufacturers, but typical widths are 0. 5 m (64 ft) Warranty against manufacturer’s defects FSC-certified products available Simple installation Appearance grades Architectural Nordic X-Lam architectural products boast an elegant finish that’s meant to be showcased. 29 de jul. Bending Shear And Compressive Properties Of Three Five Layer Cross Laminated Timber Fabricated With Black Spruce Journal Wood Science Full Text. lumber (SCL) is connected to a reinforced concrete slab with connectors . Widths of up. minimum slab thickness for commercial building:– using some basic thumb rules, regulation and guideline as per aci code and is code 456:2000, for concrete floor, minimum concrete slab thickness for commercial building is kept 6. Concrete Floor Slab In typical office environments, the concrete floor slab itself is comprised of 4" to 6" thick concrete reinforced with one layer of welded wire fabric at mid depth, unless below the water table, when hydrostatic heads may exert upward pressure, requiring stronger construction. p (in) Edgewise Shear Stress (a)(b) F. It is made up of alternating plies of dimension lumber that has been planed to approximately 1 3⁄8-inch thickness. Toppings on concrete floors Table 1 gives approximate IIC ratings for a 150-mm-thick concrete. 2 and 3 m; lengths can be up to 18 m; and thicknesses up to 500 mm. The OPENSEES model was used by Huang et al. As a result we find out what kind of structures are needed to fulfil the. We created a list of examples of cross-laminated timber architecture that both reduces waste and creates a finished look. Panel thicknesses usually range between 100 to 300 mm (4 to 12 in), but panels as thick as 500 mm (20 in) can be produced. You can select the CLT layup from the database of CLT manufacturers or enter custom values in the section below. DELTABEAM ® – CLT hybrid floors: a superior combination of structures, when designed properly for vibration April, 27, 2021 Highly preferred CLT (cross-laminated timber) timber slabs are sensitive to human-induced vibrations due to. Bare mass timber floor/ceiling or wall assemblies are seldom used, in large part due to inadequate acoustical performance. Timber-concrete composite (TCC) floors, composed by a concrete thin slab mechanically connected to various timber beams; and 2. Typical 3-Ply CLT Floor/Exposed Ceiling Assembly Description: Minimum 3/4″-thick floor topping with minimum compressive strength of 1800 psi; reinforce topping slab as required Sound insulation board CLT panels Purpose: CLT floor assembly with concrete/gypsum topping (ceiling side exposed) Choose File Type. 4 Text in red indicates CrossLam thickness advantage. 5m for a 240mm thick panel, which in turn can reduce the amount of structural steel over a conventional metal deck concrete slab. Spans selected for the CLT option are shorter in some areas than those for the cast-in-place concrete option due to the vibration potential for CLT floor systems. Holschemacher developed a steel-fibre RC slab with wood screw shear connectors to reduce the thickness of each concrete slab layers from 60 mm to 48 mm, where the total. To find such materials, visit the sound insulation material section of the Acoustic Design Catalogue. With CLT construction, panels are dimensionally stable in both the major and minor panel axis (Figure 2). To prepare the base, cut the ground level to the proper depth to allow for the slab thickness. Each of the panels is made of 5-ply CLT of strength class C24 [26] with a layer thickness of 0. CLT deck and a 125 mm thick reinforced concrete slab. Alternating grains improve CLT panels' dimensional stability. The CLT–concrete composite has developed and showed approximately 3–5 times higher strength capacity than the conventional timber or concrete structures. pq; wf. Cross-Laminated Timber has often been described as plywood on steroids. 04 m, resulting in a total. 4 Minimum thickness of Diaphragms. 75 in. Mercer CLT panels are primarily intended for one-way slab span behavior in the panel strong direction for out-of-plane loads and acts as the floor/roof diaphragm without the addition of plywood sheathing or structural concrete. Using CAD/CAM processes and based on the approved fabrication drawings and BIM model, the elements are precisely cut using our state-of-the-art CNC systems. Milwaukee’s first mass timber building harmonizes a neighborhood’s history with renovation through the addition of CLT to the original hardwood flooring. The slats are made of coniferous lumber (spruce, pine, fir) – solid or spiked lengthwise. 6mm (1/16”) or 2% of the CrossLam thickness whichever is greater Width: +/- 1. CLT-Steel (CLT-S) floors, composed by a CLT slab mechanically connected to various steel beams. 04 m, resulting in a total. CLT Span Tables There are CLT span tables along with size, strength and grade tables in our downloadable technical guide. If it applied to all explosives rather. CLT is the perfect construction material for floor, roof and ceiling construction While it is a truly universal construction material that can be used for nearly all structures of a house, CLT is especially popular for the construction of floors, roofs and ceilings. Impacts need to be cushioned by a resilient upper surface or a floating floor. The amount of wood used per m² can be reduced by up to 40% by using a CLT rib floor and up to 70% by using an LVL rib floor instead of a massive CLT floor. The houses made of cross-laminated wood are 30% lighter than steel and concrete structures, so the requirements are lower for the building basis. 875″ has an STC rating of 41 and an IIC rating of 25. To perform this analysis a finite element (FE) based model, developed and validated by the authors [7], was used. For this criterion the fire rating of a floor is the number of hours necessary for the temperature of the unexposed surface to rise by a. Facts Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a solid-wood construction panel made from at least three layers of lamella (pine or spruce) glued crosswise. -thick 5-lam assem-blies, with 9-5/8-in. The amount of wood used per m² can be reduced by up to 40% by using a CLT rib floor and up to 70% by using an LVL rib floor instead of a massive CLT floor. Concrete Floor Slab. To prepare the base, cut the ground level to the proper depth to allow for the slab thickness. 8m x 20m with thicknesses between 50 and 300mm. The plys are typically about ¾ inch in thickness, and are laminated together in alternating 90 degree directions. Slabs were 230mm thick normal weight concrete reinforced with mild-steel reinforcement . Also, if you find material and structure of 2 hours of fire resistance to protect CLT panel and draw it. There is also no shrinkage. CONCRETE MAX SPANS (m) CrossLam PANEL THICKNESS (mm) SLAB THICKNESS REQUIRED (mm) RATIO CLT/CONC THICKNESS (%) VIBRATION CONTROLLED SPAN (m) CONCRETE SLAB ONE END CONT dx24 (m) SLT3 99 150 66 3. 29 de jul. Exposed CLT on the exterior of the building 69 A Street creates a much warmer exterior than standard steel. Bare mass timber floor/ceiling or wall assemblies are seldom used, in large part due to inadequate acoustical performance. CLT panels. Timber-concrete composite (TCC) floors, composed by a concrete thin slab mechanically connected to various timber beams; and 2. -manufactured CLT). D798 Unres LWC Z106HY. The thickness . Concrete Floor Slab In typical office environments, the concrete floor slab itself is comprised of 4" to 6" thick concrete reinforced with one layer of welded wire fabric at mid depth, unless below the water table, when hydrostatic heads may exert upward pressure, requiring stronger construction. intended use: primary as a wall, ceiling and roof element in all type of buildings maximum width: 3. fire-resistance tests of CLT floor assemblies with four (4) types of. CLT products are usually fabricated with an odd number of layers; three to seven layers is common, even more in some cases. It is used for both light duty slab in commercial applications and heavy-duty slabs in. 5m for a 240mm thick panel, which in turn can reduce the amount of structural steel over a conventional metal deck concrete slab. 33, and 4. Two different cross-sectional configurations were tested, namely a) hc = 60 mm and ht = 120 mm; and b) hc = 80 mm and ht = 180 mm, where hc and ht are the thickness of the concrete part and the thickness of the timber part, respectively. 5 inches thick while floor slabs range from 4 to nearly 8 inches thick, with the thicker panels used on lower floors. CLT insulates and is load-bearing at the same time. traditional concrete. CLT is commonly used for long spans in walls, floors and roofs. The allowable in-plane shear values are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Board thickness typically varies between 5/8 inch to 2 inches, with board width ranging from 2. Laminated Timber (CLT) panels acting as floor slabs with a steel framed . One way slab - simply supported. Download full info CLT Panel Dimensions Maximum CLT panel thickness based on applied loads and fire resistance class: Internal walls External walls Single span beam Two span beam CLT Panel Technical Properties Fire safety Thermal properties Acoustic properties. For example, a 5-ply CLT floor with a thickness of 6. Using CAD/CAM processes and based on the approved fabrication drawings and BIM model, the elements are precisely cut using our state-of-the-art CNC systems. It has a two-way action capability similar to a reinforced concrete slab. In a residential situation, the slab is around 200mm thick and is supported by external sub-floor walls of brick or concrete block etc. de 2020. For the CLT-concrete composite floor with a 5-layer CLT panel, the γ-method cannot be used directly. Table 1. We created a list of examples of cross-laminated timber architecture that both reduces waste and creates a finished look. 50 mm paving slab. 3: slab on ground 1. -manufactured CLT). XLam Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) floor panels are custom-made in sizes, thicknesses and profiles to suit most residential and commercial applications. The CLT members show low bending strength and resistance to global stability. The timber is strength graded to BS EN 14081-1:2005 and glued together in a press, which applies pressure over the entire surface area of the panel. Unbonded construction with a minimum thickness of 100mm is recommended if there are cracks in the base slab or if good bond is only partially attainable or totally lacking. Leno (CLT) provides large format, solid boards of timber, produced to exceptional dimensions of up to 4. 2m it was the world’s tallest modern timber apartment building and the highest made from CLT. With 10 mm fiber cement R´. The cross laminated timber panels are glued with a durable adhesive bond ensuring that building components are dimensionally stable and resistant to warping. Cross-laminated timber can be used for floor slabs, roof slabs and wall panels. If you have not seen CLT before, it is much like plywood but on a much grander scale. Minimum 3/4″-thick floor topping with minimum compressive strength of 1800 psi; reinforce topping slab as required · Sound insulation board · CLT panels · 5/8″ . Crielaard et al. 17 - Layup dimensions of standard CLT panel (left) and designed panel. -manufactured CLT). Widths up to 18 feet and lengths up to 98 feet are possible, but. Whats people lookup in this blog. While limiting slab span length helps to reduce the intensity of vibration, this may not be an option due to the nature and purpose of the building. For residential units’ interior walls and ceilings, a layer of plasterboard provides fire protection—a more economical option than beefing up the CLT—while office walls are exposed wood. It’s a simple CLT panel that, if necessary, can have finishes and insulation added. The cross laminated timber panels are glued with a durable adhesive bond ensuring that building components are dimensionally stable and resistant to warping. Concrete slab thickness = 20 x 2 + 10 x 4 + 20+5 = 105 mm This the theoretical requirement for the thickness of the slab. This study aims to review the current practice and available guidelines for the CLT–concrete floor system. Select CLT Panels Commercial CLT Panels Manufacturer: Grade and Layup: Custom Entries FbS0 : EI0 : GA0 : Vs, 0 : Gross Thickness : Specific Gravity: Define Floor/Ceiling Parameters Span : Load Conditions Dead Load : Live Load :. Toppings on concrete floors Table 1 gives approximate IIC ratings for a 150-mm-thick concrete. from the upper floor ha s to be transferred through the CLT. , and 10 ft. ( ht = 120 mm and ht = 180 mm indicate CLT panels with 3 and 5 layers, respectively). The amount of wood used per m² can be reduced by up to 40% by using a CLT rib floor and up to 70% by using an LVL rib floor instead of a massive CLT floor. A floor structure in CLT panels can be supplied in. 33, and 4. 8 metres wide with panel thickness increments governed by the typical thickness of individual layers and the symmetry requirement for the panels. For the CLT-concrete composite floor with a 5-layer CLT panel, the γ-method cannot be used directly. Standard concrete floor slab thickness in residential construction is 4 inches. By preliminary calculation, it can easily be shown that, for the adopted thickness of the concrete deck, the neutral axis of the CLT-concrete composite cross section is located within or very near layer 2. 20-20-40-20 mm with a total thick ness of 200 mm is. Human-induced vibration of cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor under different boundary conditions. A total of 60 column specimens of two dimensions in. The top and bottom tees at an opening, as well as the nonperforated sections adjacent to the opening, are modeled using standard 6 degree of freedom (DOF) beam elements. The paper firstly reveals some of the recent developments of column-to-slab solutions in engineered timber construction. Ceiling made of nail-laminated timber. 5 inches. Remove all organic material and large hard. cross section is made up of 5 layers of 35 mm thick lumber. 1𝐿; 12ℎ ; 𝑏 (21) 𝑏 , min 0. For poured or precast concrete slabs (06F vs. XLAM Australia Design Guide. 12 Influence of thickness on concrete temperature (Portland Cement As-. Minimum thickness is generally considered as four times of nominal size of coarse aggregates. CLT Floor and Ceiling Calculations. Four series of tests were performed using different specimen configurations and laboratory testing methods. Table 2 shows the details. It has a two-way action capability similar to a reinforced concrete slab. In typical office environments, the concrete floor slab itself is comprised of 4" to 6" thick concrete reinforced with one layer of welded wire fabric at mid depth, unless below the water table, when hydrostatic heads may exert upward pressure, requiring stronger construction. You can select the CLT layup from the database of CLT manufacturers or enter custom values in the section below. For example, a 5-ply CLT floor with a thickness of 6. With 10 mm fiber cement R´. For example, a 5-ply CLT floor with a thickness of 6. 33, and 4. Concrete Floor Slab. Massive CLT panel 0. Cross-laminated Timber Roof CLT Roof Cross-laminated Timber has many features such as insulation, optimal air humidity, soundproofing, excellent fire protection, high load-bearing capacity, and earthquake-proof construction. (2) presents the reduced stiffness. Pdf Effects Of The Thickness Cross Laminated Timber Clt Panels Made From Irish Sitka Spruce On Mechanical Performance In Bending And Shear. -thick 7-lam assemblies at the corner units where floor spans ex-ceed 16 ft-0 in. By preliminary calculation, it can easily be shown that, for the adopted thickness of the concrete deck, the neutral axis of the CLT-concrete composite cross section is located within or very near layer 2. CLT is produced in our factories in Ybbs an der Donau and Bad St. Systems for mass timber floors could be: Raised floors on resilient materials and wool/fibre boards within the air cavity;; Thick wool or fibre . To use this online calculator for Maximum slab thickness, enter Length of Clear Span in long direction (ln) & Yield strength of reinforcing steel (fy and hit the calculate button. 2019, 204, 110016. It is similar to plywood but with distinctively thicker laminations (or . 8m x 20m with thicknesses between 50 and 300mm. Why? CLT is lighter, so requires a smaller foundation. 44 m (8 ft) Lengths up to 19. -thick 7-lam assemblies at the corner units where floor spans ex-ceed 16 ft-0 in. Similar to Heavy Timber construction CLT's thick cross-section provides. panels can be manufactured in thicknesses ranging from 60mm to 300mm and panel. Easily assign and analyze slabs as rigid or semi-rigid diaphragms. Sylva CLT Rib. It provides a table of spans achievable for varying thicknesses of CLT under roof and floor loads. It has a two-way action capability similar to a reinforced concrete slab. Figure 6. Structural performance can be enhanced by removing imperfections in the original timber. By preliminary calculation, it can easily be shown that, for the adopted thickness of the concrete deck, the neutral axis of the CLT-concrete composite cross section is located within or very near layer 2. As such, components are typically added to mass timber assemblies to improve their acoustics. Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is a relatively new timber product used in construction that has gained popularity over the last decade. Nov 24, 2021 · for single floor which is of 3m height building the minimum slab is 100mm, for two floors which is of 6m height building the minimum thickness is 125mm, for three floors which is of 9m height building the minimum thickness is 125mm, for four, five, six floors building which is of 12m, 15m, 18m height buildings the minimum slab thickness in. Bare mass timber floor/ceiling or wall assemblies are seldom used, in large part due to inadequate acoustical performance. The higher STC and IIC of the CLT floorrating correspond to the increase in the bare floor thickness and consequently a greater area density and stiffness. CLT-Steel (CLT-S) floors, composed by a CLT slab mechanically connected to various steel beams. The CLT layers often exhibit 20-, 30-, or 40-mm thickness and bond along their side faces, not along the short edges [32]. 6mm (1/16”) or 2% of the CrossLam thickness whichever is greater Width: +/- 1. 4 Text in red indicates CrossLam thickness advantage. For imported CLT, the size may also be limited to what can fit into shipping container. Find appropriate concrete slab thickness on CLT floor panel and draw it. -thick 7-lam assemblies at the corner units where floor spans ex-ceed 16 ft-0 in. 4 Non-combustible compartment fire dynamics. As such, components are typically added to mass timber assemblies to improve their acoustics. In London, Dalston Works is built almost entirely of CLT, reducing construction waste by an estimated 80%. gay xvids, buy verified wise accounts
4-16Ø THREADED RODS. . Clt floor slab thickness
You can select the CLT layup from the database of CLT manufacturers or enter custom values in the section below. The maximum size of the CLT panel is 18 m in length and 3. Table 2 shows the details. CLT is made from layers of solid timber planks (Lamellas) face-glued together in. Cross-laminated Timber Roof CLT Roof Cross-laminated Timber has. Point-supported flat slabs made of cross laminated timber (CLT) for multi. Download full info CLT Panel Dimensions Maximum CLT panel thickness based on applied loads and fire resistance class: Internal walls External walls Single span beam Two span beam CLT Panel Technical Properties Fire safety Thermal properties Acoustic properties. a reinforced concrete slab, CLT is capable of spanning in two directions. When it comes to routing MEPF systems throughout a mass timber building, the options are plentiful but each comes with different impacts. All wood is FSC certified. Units: Designing CLT floor, ceiling, and beam structures includes calculating allowable bending capacity (strength), shear capacity, deflection, and vibration and comparing those values to the design values of the material. Clt floor slab thickness vh Fiction Writing Two different cross-sectional configurations were tested, namely a) hc = 60 mm and ht = 120 mm; and b) hc = 80 mm and ht = 180 mm, where hc and ht are the thickness of the concrete part and the thickness of the timber part, respectively. CLT Sizing Finished panels are typically 2 to 10 feet wide, with lengths up to 60 feet and thickness up to 20 inches. which is only up to 500 mm thickness. Typical 3-Ply CLT Floor/Exposed Ceiling Assembly Description: Minimum 3/4″-thick floor topping with minimum compressive strength of 1800 psi; reinforce topping slab as required Sound insulation board CLT panels Purpose: CLT floor assembly with concrete/gypsum topping (ceiling side exposed) Choose File Type. DELTABEAM ®-CLT hybrid floor vibrations are studied with finite element models using different kinds of limitations - the lowest frequency and response limits - and performance comparisons are made between the plain CLT slabs and CLT-concrete composite slabs. 2 5. The amount of wood used per m² can be reduced by up to 40% by using a CLT rib floor and up to 70% by using an LVL rib floor instead of a massive CLT floor. The panels can function as walls, floors, furniture, ceilings, and roofs; CLT's thickness and length can be adaptable to the demands of each project. Feb 24, 2021 · Some floor experts say that to make a better floor, the thickness of the CLT should be at least 4 inches. -thick 5-lam assem-blies, with 9-5/8-in. Figure 7 shows a typical floor ‘slab’ arrangement using CLT. Do not show interior or exterior finishes. 4 in to 9. Nov 24, 2021 · Well now the explained concepts are related to the slab thickness for various floors from ground floor to G+9 building designs. CLT performs greater than most. Crielaard et al. It was also the first Australian building to be made from CLT. 50 m. which is only up to 500 mm thickness. • The potential effects of ponding on flat roofs have not been considered. Log In My Account eb. 8 SLT9 309 310 100 7. The CLT panel alone carries the load and distributes it to the underlying structure. 5 2. , 4 ft. . Using CAD/CAM processes and based on the. It comes in different thickness – 90, 117, or 140mm and panel widths are . To prepare the base, cut the ground level to the proper depth to allow for the slab thickness. -thick 7-lam assemblies at the corner units where floor spans ex-ceed 16 ft-0 in. While it is a truly universal construction material that can be used for nearly all structures of a house, CLT is especially popular for the construction of floors, roofs and ceilings. The APA Mark of Quality. pq; wf. 0m for a 110mm thick panel and up to 5. intended use: primary as a wall, ceiling and roof element in all type of buildings maximum width: 3. CLT-Steel (CLT-S) floors, composed by a CLT slab mechanically connected to various steel beams. Floor structures are typically arranged as one way spanning slabs, although with computer-aided analysis techniques, the two-way spanning capabilities of large slabs can be utilised. A floor structure in CLT panels can be supplied in. CLT flat slab by the ar ms and the full-threaded screws of. 33, and 4. CLT panels. It holds a high level of fire resistance due to its cross sectional thickness and air tight construction which results in the reduction in the fire’s ability to spread. 29mm THICK 350W. 7 tons, while 1 m3 of CLT weighs 400 kg and has the same resistance. pq; wf. These materials are all considered mass timber materials, but to keep things simple, the most popular material of these is CLT. Standard concrete floor slab thickness in residential construction is 4 inches. Table 1. Massive CLT panel 0. Technically, a standard CLT element is made of odd layers (3–7 layers), which gives better bearing properties than commonly homogenous wood [3]. The maximum size of the CLT panel is 18 m in length and 3. Laminations are nailed to each other to create solid prefabricated elements for floor, wall or roof applications. 20-20-40-20 mm with a total thick ness of 200 mm is. The maximum size of the CLT panel is 18 m in length and 3. Well now the explained concepts are related to the slab thickness for various floors from ground floor to G+9 building designs. Minimum Thickness Of Concrete Slabs. between 20mm and 45mm CLT panels consist of not less than three cross-bonded layers of timber typically ranging in thickness between 20mm and 45mm. These solid panels are then compressed and set to dry. Leonhard (Austria) as well as in Gruvön (Sweden) before being distributed around the globe. For this criterion the fire rating of a floor is the number of hours necessary for the temperature of the unexposed surface to rise by a. The higher STC and IIC of the CLT floorrating correspond to the increase in the bare floor thickness and consequently a greater area density and stiffness. pq; wf. Mass timber is a new category of wood product that can transform how America builds, supporting a low carbon future for the built environment. -thick 7-lam assemblies at the corner units where floor spans ex-ceed 16 ft-0 in. With a CLT floor slab the legal boundary between the two units is clearly in. Massive CLT panel 0. 8m x 20m with thicknesses between 50 and 300mm. -manufactured CLT). D798 Unres LWC Z106HY. For applications with heavy traffic concentrated load of 35. Cross-Laminated Timber is prefabricated engineered wood that consists of either 3, 5, or 7 layers, with each layer oriented 90 degrees to the previous layer that is bonded using structural adhesives to form large-scale panels. between 20mm and 45mm CLT panels consist of not less than three cross-bonded layers of timber typically ranging in thickness between 20mm and 45mm. Crielaard et al. The floor panels are typically 6-7/8-in. 26 m³ of wood per m² floor. • The potential effects of ponding on flat roofs have not been considered. de 2021. CLT used for prefabricated wall and floor assemblies offers many. 4 Non-combustible compartment fire dynamics. Exposed CLT on the exterior of the building 69 A Street creates a much warmer exterior than standard steel. Milwaukee’s first mass timber building harmonizes a neighborhood’s history with renovation through the addition of CLT to the original hardwood flooring. Panel sizes vary by manufacturers, but typical widths are 0. Massive CLT panel 0. Massive CLT panel 0. 8m x 20m with thicknesses between 50 and 300mm. Thickness: +/- 1. It is made up of alternating plies of dimension lumber that has been planed to approximately 1 3⁄8-inch thickness. Select CLT Panels Commercial CLT Panels Manufacturer: Grade and Layup: Custom Entries FbS0 : EI0 : GA0 : Vs, 0 : Gross Thickness : Specific Gravity: Define Floor/Ceiling Parameters Span : Load Conditions Dead Load : Live Load :. While limiting slab span length helps to reduce the intensity of vibration, this may not be an option due to the nature and purpose of the building. TL curves of the CLT floors with a concrete precast topping on a resilient membrane (blue, green and red) are. . marvel comics porn